Existentialism emerged as a significant philosophical movement in the 19th and 20th centuries, centering on the individual’s experience of existence, freedom, and choice. Its roots can be traced back to thinkers like Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche, who challenged the dominant philosophical paradigms of their time.

In the aftermath of World War I and II, existentialist thought gained prominence as people grappled with unprecedented levels of uncertainty and disillusionment. Philosophers such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus explored themes of absurdity, freedom, and authenticity. Sartre’s assertion that “existence precedes essence” encapsulated the idea that individuals are not born with a predetermined purpose but must create their own meaning through actions and choices.

Martin Heidegger also contributed significantly to existentialism, particularly with his exploration of “Being” and the human condition in a modern, technological world. His work delved into the nature of existence and the anxiety that arises from confronting one’s own mortality. The movement influenced not only philosophy but also literature, psychology, and theology, permeating the works of writers like Franz Kafka and Fyodor Dostoevsky, who depicted characters facing existential dilemmas.

Existentialism’s emphasis on individual responsibility and the search for meaning resonated with many during the tumultuous 20th century. While its popularity has fluctuated, the movement continues to impact contemporary thought, encouraging ongoing discussions about the human condition, freedom, and the construction of meaning in an often ambiguous world.